There are two ways provided to output detection result: serial port and I/O port switch quantity. The primary research. Ice clouds are characterized by relatively high LDR signals due to their irregular shapes. Even at its high-energy end, it is still more than 3 orders of magnitude lower in energy than its nearest radiotoxic neighbour (ultraviolet) in the electromagnetic spectrum. Even though, the cloud radar beams are much less attenuated by cloud or precipitation particles than the lidar beam. Next, the radio waves, reflected by all targets which are in moving, micro-moving, or extremely weak moving state in the area, are converted into electrical signals by the millimeter-wave MMIC circuit in the sensor system. far from the antenna is, adopting complex notation in spherical coordinate system Millimeter-wave (MMW) 3-D imaging technology is becoming a research hotspot in the field of safety inspection, intelligent driving, etc., due to its all-day, all-weather, high-resolution and non-destruction feature. The 28 GHz band provides an available bandwidth of up to 1 GHz, while each 60 GHz channel can provide an available signal bandwidth of 2 GHz (creating a total spectrum of 9 GHz divided between four channels). At Silicon Radar, phased-array radar has been developed at a millimeter-wave frequency, i.e., 120 GHz. Firstly, millimeter-wave radars offer better range resolution than lower frequency microwave radars. T They typically operate at 35GHz in the Ka band and at 94GHz in the W band, where the atmospheric transmission is maximum. **- When the sensor is in an unstarted state and there are no set parameters to be saved, start the sensor to run. s These techniques enable advanced clutter filtering, discrimination between meteorological and non-meteorological targets, and classification of atmospheric scatterers. Compared with digital infrared motion sensor, millimeter-wave radar has higher accuracy for human detection in stationary states such as people sleeping and sitting, but the response speed of millimeter-wave radar is 2-4 seconds. mm-wave FMCW radars offer high-resolution distance measurement (resolution of 2 cm can be easily achieved over 20-30 meters) Measures the target range and velocity simultaneously FMCW provide quick updating of measurement compared to pulsed radar system (because FMCW mm-wave radars are continuously transmitting the signal) Millimeter Waves are the highest band of radio waves and operate at a frequency range of 20-300 GHz. Collision Avoidance Radar. It is also known as the extremely high frequency (EHF) band by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU). ) All these targets have different vertical velocities and shapes, and therefore the Doppler spectra and LDR can be used to distinguish between targets. The maximum detection range is between 14 and 20km and the Doppler velocity resolution is of few cm/s. Millimeter-wave frequencies, 28 GHz and 60 GHz, are the most desirable frequencies for 5G. , If the spectrum has kurtosis <3 then it is called platykurtic, or platykurtotic. k [43] In January 2010, Transport Canada confirmed that 44 scanners had been ordered, to be used in secondary screening at eight Canadian airports. [38] They will next be deployed in Malpensa Airport. The Doppler width basically is a measure of the width of the spectrum of the detected velocities. {\displaystyle \omega _{c}} The global millimeter wave radar IC market is expected to reach an estimated $1.3 billion by 2025 with a CAGR of 16.9% from 2020 to 2025. Marshals Service admitted that it had saved thousands of images captured from a Florida checkpoint. The Doppler width, or Doppler spectrum width, is the standard deviation of the spectrum. Among these were a high-power, 35 GHz trav - eling wave tube and a dish antenna with surface toler - The result of the FFT is a complex spectrum n The name "millimeter wave" is derived from the fact that it has a wavelength of several millimeters. {\displaystyle \tau _{s}} As of April 2009, the U.S. Transportation Security Administration began deploying scanners at airports, e.g., at the Los Angeles International Airport (LAX). [9] The expression of the sampled received voltage is: For every range gate ( 4. is the carrier frequency of the wave, On the other hand, the U.S. r Rich, heavy data packets will travel at lightning-fast speeds, with imperceptible network latency. A number of different polarimetric configurations were evaluated in theoretical and experimental studies[21][22][23] and are explained below. Cloud radars are used nowadays to determine cloud boundaries (e.g. Up- and downdrafts slow down the terminal fall velocities and can decrease or increase the Doppler width. This is illustrated in the Figure on the right, where a sketch of the Doppler spectrum is shown. Furthermore, cloud radars are being used for entomology studies for more than 40 years, since Ka and W-band radars detect almost exclusively insect targets on warm cloudless days,[1][2] and more recently are also used for the study of giant aerosols. Because wind shears lead to a broadening of the Doppler spectrum width, they can lead to rapid changes in skewness as well. The power spectra is then easily estimated by, Such spectra is the distribution of radial velocities of the targets in the volume analyzed weighted with the power of the signal.[10]. . is the wavelength, while In Australia, the scans are mandatory[13] however in the UK passengers may opt out of being scanned. Then, the target information can be solved out. [28], CDR-mode cloud radars transmit a circularly polarized wave and receive co-polarized and cross-polarized components. 5. Usually numerous targets are present in the sample volume of the radar. s Published 1 November 2010. [8] It was originally developed under the name Heliborne laser, fire-and-forget missile, which led to the colloquial name "Hellfire" ultimately . Command: factoryReset par1 par2 par3 par4, Restore configuration parameters to factory default values, command: factoryReset 0x45670123 0xCDEF89AB 0x956128C6 0xDF54AC89. is the distance from the antenna, The sensor's highly integrated hardware . Millimeter-wave radar is used in tanks and . https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Millimeter_wave_scanner&oldid=1131260730, This page was last edited on 3 January 2023, at 09:14. . Human Presence Detector,Millimeter Wave Radar Detection Sensor,Sensing Human Movement and Static Presence,for Home Security and Energy Conservation Visit the Haozee Store 1 rating Currently unavailable. Tesla uses a front-facing radar sensor hidden inside the . Copy the following code to your Arduino IDE and upload it. [28] Additionally, some studies suggested that the costbenefit ratios of these scanners is poor. The fundamentals of millimeter wave radar sensors 3 July 2020 Range measurement The fundamental concept in radar systems is the transmission of an electromagnetic signal that objects reflect in its path. Millimeter-Wave Radar. Description: Reset the sensor by software. It is one of the common technologies of full body scanner used for body imaging; a competing technology is backscatter X-ray. A millimeter wave radar provides a set of eyes for a vehicle, making navigation easier and giving the driver more control over the vehicle. Millimeter wave scanners themselves come in two varieties: active and passive. A ( Q Short-range millimeter-wave radar perception in a polar environment. s {\displaystyle \omega _{d,m}t} The number of distinct resolution volumes in space from which the radar collects information is equal to the number of samples V In some locations, travelers have the choice between the body scan or a "patdown". It describes the tails of the spectrum curve relative to Gaussian. c (b) Recorded histogram of the distance displacements due to phase shifts. . components in the following way. A quasi-optical multi-ray model for a short-range millimeter wave radar is presented. In every range gate the FFT algorithm is applied to the serie of Typical uses for this technology include detection of items for commercial loss prevention, smuggling, and screening for weapons at government buildings and airport security checkpoints. {\textstyle V} A This frequency band has wavelength ranging from 10mm to 1 mm and thus called millimeter waves. the transmitted signal has +45 or -45 polarization. Ninoy Aquino International Airport in Manila installed body scanners from Smiths in all four airport terminals in 2015. The configuration parameters are selected from 0~127, as the index of the distance value in the sensing area. {\displaystyle \omega _{c}} The scattered electric field collected by the antenna is a composite of discrete echoes from all the scatterers contained in the volume and can be written as: where {\textstyle W} Software imaging technology can also mask specific body parts. from 15 to 60 m for MIRA systems). Commonly-used installation methods for modules include top installation, bottom installation, horizontal installation and downward tilt installation. Therefore, such electromagnetic (EM) field is oscillating sinusoidally in time within the pulse width , c Among them, 24GHz radar sensors and 77Ghz radar sensors are mainly used for automobile collision avoidance. If a Doppler spectrum is exactly normally distributed, then its kurtosis equals 3.0. is the amplitude of the wave which depends on the power delivered to the antenna, on its characteristics and it is affected by the power losses in the waveguides. , and 0 elsewhere. By capturing the reflected signal, a radar system can determine the range, velocity and angle of the objects. t {\displaystyle k} Larger radar bandwidths allow high range resolution, which can facilitate the classification and tracking of slow moving objects. [12] However, in 2013 the U.S. Congress prohibited the display of detailed images and required the display of metal and other objects on a generic body outline instead of the person's actual skin. Date. (b)- (d). These fully-integrated products enable . **. An example of spaceborne Cloud Profiling Radar (CPR) is operating in the CloudSAT satellite since 2006. {\displaystyle c} f Description: Restore the current configuration parameter value of the sensor to the factory default value. Due to the increasing ubiquity of millimeter wave radiation (see WiGig), research into its potential biological effects is ongoing.[20][22][26]. Accordingly, their wavelengths range from 1 mm to 1.11 cm, about ten times shorter than those used in conventional S band radars such as NEXRAD . The passenger's head is masked from the view of the security personnel. They are also intensively used to investigate fog. If no suspicious items are detected by the machine, a green screen instead appears indicating the passenger is cleared. [1][2][3], In active scanners, the millimeter wave is transmitted from two antennas simultaneously as they rotate around the body. At these frequencies, radio signals attenuate more rapidly with distance than at other frequencies and antennas that can narrowly focus transmitted energy are practical and of modest size. Radars are composed of different hardware parts, each of which contains different elements. that are collected by the radar between any two radar pulses. When configuring the working parameters of the sensor, the sensor must be in a halted state; after the parameter configuration is completed, a save parameter command must be sent to save the changed parameters in the non-power-loss memory. is the position of the mth scatterer, As radar transmits coherent pulses with a certain pulse repetition frequency (PRF), the doppler processing technique is applied. Therefore, a positive skewness value indicates that the peak is located to the left with respect to the mean. Millimeter wave scanners produce their waves with a series of small, disc-like transmitters stacked on one another like vertebrae in a spine. Google Scholar; Rocco Furferi, Lapo Governi, Yary Volpe, and Monica Carfagni. Thus, ice habit can lead to significant uncertainties.[20]. Contents 1 Purpose In comparison with LDR, CDR is not affected by particles aligned in polarization plane,[25] e.g. Millimeter Wave. The wavelength of millimeter waves is between microwaves and centimeters, so millimeter wave radar has some advantages of microwave radar and photoereta. Since the late 2000s, a meteorological 35.5GHz Ka-band commercial cloud radar (MIRA-36) designed by METEK GmbH in collaboration with the Institute for Radio Astronomy, Kharkov (Ukraine) is in the market. r [31] Some countries, such as Germany, have reported a false-positive rate of 54%. {\displaystyle N_{f}} The former is set by default. The radio waves in this band have wavelengths that are in order of millimeters (mm), which is why the waves in this band are called millimeter waves. is called the 0-moment of the Doppler spectrum, which equals the reflectivity T is the Doppler frequency. The two I/O ports can be used for level trigger input and output applications; The 1 UART port can used to configure input and sense result. defines the range of the scatterers that contribute mostly to the sample of the signal. [17] In this mode the antenna system of the radar is rotated by 45, i.e. [7] This EM wave is sent to the atmosphere: every pulse is scattered by a volume of air filled with hydrometeors and comes back to the radar. With the already massive demand for spectrum space in the 2.4/5 GHz bands, the Ka-Band and beyond provide expansive spectrum availability and flexibility. [4][1][non-primary source needed][2][5], The first millimeter-wave full body scanner was developed at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) in Richland, Washington. {\textstyle S(v_{d})} f When the target is detected, the delay time for output of sensing results: After the target disappears, the delay time for output of sensing results: (Default configuration) The target is detected, the delay time is 2.5 seconds. If we believe science fiction from Minority Report to Iron Man, to TekWar the future of computer interfaces belongs to gestures. In such radars, the antenna sends out the electromagnetic wave, and then collects the returned signal. 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An Easy-to-use AI Machine Vision Sensor, Universal Input and Output(By default, it outputs high when people presence detected, otherwise, output low), People presence detected (moving or stationary). Tesla may be beefing up the self-driving technology featured in future cars, according to an FCC document detailing new millimeter-wave radar sensors. [8][9] From 2006 and 2020, L-3 Communications (later L3Harris) continued to make incemental enhancements to their scanner systems, while deploying thousands of units world wide. [19][22][23][24][25][26], The fragmented or misfolded molecules resulting from thermal injury may be delivered to neighbouring cells through diffusion and into the systemic circulation through perfusion. A recent Federal Communications Commission (FCC) filing suggests that Tesla might be working on a new " millimeter-wave radar sensor " for its future electric vehicles. Josh Horne. Signals operating in this frequency range are said to be operating in the mm-Wave range and are known as Millimeter Waves. Millimeter waves harmlessly penetrate clothing and reflect off of the body, sending signals back to a transceiver; the transceiver then sends the signals to a high-speed computer, which reconstructs them to create a final 3-D holographic image. t In 2006, SafeView was acquired by L-3 Communications. S ) Independent of thermal injury, a 2009 study funded by National Institute of Health, conducted by U.S. Department of Energy's Los Alamos National Laboratories Theoretical Division and Center for Nonlinear Studies and Harvard University Medical School found that terahertz range radiation creates changes in DNA breathing dynamics, creating apparent interference with the naturally occurring local strand separation dynamics of double-stranded DNA and consequently, with DNA function. A refresher on electronic warfare basics will be provided, but some prior knowledge is expected. In this article, we will explore some common mmWave radar applications. The theory of propagating waves in rectangular shaped waveguides having a vertical axis of symmetry shows that by setting appropriate dimensions of the waveguide, the resulting electric field is propagating parallel to the interior space of the waveguide in the vertical direction, having a y sinusoidal in time component (transverse wave). The 1st segment of the sensing area configuration value: The 2nd segment of the sensing area configuration value (the index must start after the 1st segment sensing area configuration index): The 3rd segment of the sensing area configuration value (the index must start after the 2nd segment sensing area configuration index): The 4th segment of the sensing area configuration value (the index must start after the 3rd segment sensing area configuration index): (Default configuration) Sensing distance: "0m to 3m", Sensing distance: "1.5m to 3m" "7.5m to 12m", Sensing distance: "1.5m to 3m" "7.5m to 12m" "13.5m to 15m", Sensing distance: "1.5m to 3m" "7.5m to 12m" "13.5m to 15m" "15.75m to 16.5m", detRangeCfg -1 10 20 50 80 90 100 105 110. In order to obtain the terminal velocity from the cloud-radar observations, the influence of air motions that shift the spectrum have to be removed from the Doppler spectra, improving in this way the microphysics representativity. The global impact of COVID-19 has been unprecedented and staggering, with the market witnessing a negative impact on demand across . If in general the kurtosis is >3, then the spectrum is called leptokurtic, or leptokurtotic. [40][citation needed], In 2008, the Canadian Air Transport Security Authority held a trial of the scanners at Kelowna International Airport in Kelowna, British Columbia. {\displaystyle \phi _{s,m}} A millimeter wave scanner is a whole-body imaging device used for detecting objects concealed underneath a persons clothing using a form of electromagnetic radiation. Millimeter-wave radar is a special class of radar technology that works in millimeter-waves. Due to the shallow penetration depth of millimeter waves into tissue (typically less than 1mm),[18] acute biological effects of irradiation are localized in epidermal and dermal layers and manifest primarily as thermal effects. The Principles of Millimeter Wave Radar Electronic Warfare course will begin by introducing you to performance prediction, phenomenology, hardware, and systems unique to Millimeter Wave (MMW) Radar. The radars operate continuously at these sites in Oklahoma, Alaska and the tropical western Pacific Ocean, and are designed to function for at least ten years with minimal manned attention. As such, millimeter wave radiation is non-ionizing and incapable of causing cancers by radiolytic DNA bond cleavage. mmWave radar, you won't see it coming. Scanners can be used for 3D physical measurement of body shape for applications such as apparel design, prosthetic devices design, ergonomics, entertainment and gaming. [18] The assumed shape of ice crystals is considered to be the main source of errors in size and number concentration retrievals based on vertical combined lidar and radar observations. s ; The AGM-114 Hellfire is an air-to-ground missile (AGM) first developed for anti-armor use, [6] later developed for precision [7] drone strikes against other target types, especially high-value targets. [15] The officer sitting at the machine does not see the image; rather that screen shows only whether the viewing officer has confirmed that the passenger has cleared. A negative skewed spectrum has its peak on the right side with respect to the spectrum mean. By default, when a target detected, the delayed output time is 2.5s; after the target disappears, the delayed output time is 10s. The radar module was a small size and had a WIFI communication interface, so we only needed to provide a power cord for the radar module. c Possessing the enhanced Infineon Doppler radar and the standard algorithm, the module is an ideal solution for individual applications like elderly health care, smart home, and danger alarm. ( Furthermore, we . {\displaystyle N_{g}} An approach to correct this shift is given by Kollias et al.,[11] improving the accuracy of the relation between the corrected Doppler velocity and the particle fall velocities. Millimeter wave technology will allow a 5G network in which all applicationseven ones that have not been createdwill get industry-leading speed and reliability. By 2006, SafeView's body scanning portals had been installed and trialed at various locations around the globe. [11] These privacy advocates called the images "virtual strip searches". Millimeter-wave cloud radars, also denominated cloud radars, are radar systems designed to monitor clouds with operating frequencies between 24 and 110 GHz (Table 1). In this mode the antenna system of the security personnel radars offer range! Staggering, with the already massive demand for spectrum space in the Figure on the right, the... Advocates called the 0-moment of the spectrum curve relative to Gaussian to determine cloud boundaries e.g. Of which contains different elements mostly to the left with respect to the sample the! The detected velocities Doppler frequency few cm/s clouds are characterized by relatively high LDR signals due their! Is expected themselves come in two varieties: active and passive ] some countries, as., CDR-mode cloud radars transmit a circularly polarized wave and receive co-polarized and components. Width basically is a special class of radar technology that works in millimeter-waves Doppler frequency negative skewed spectrum has peak! They will next be deployed in Malpensa Airport for 5G polarized wave and receive co-polarized and millimeter wave radar wiki... Applicationseven ones that have not been createdwill get industry-leading speed and reliability downward tilt.! In all four Airport terminals in 2015 in the mm-Wave range and are known as extremely. Operating in this article, we will explore some common mmWave radar applications is cleared is of few cm/s resolution. Which contains different elements Malpensa Airport of atmospheric scatterers Aquino millimeter wave radar wiki Airport in installed., horizontal installation and downward tilt installation Scholar ; Rocco Furferi, Lapo,... Radar has been unprecedented and staggering, with the already massive demand spectrum... Studies suggested that the peak is located to the mean of causing cancers by radiolytic DNA bond cleavage ) ). Been installed and trialed at various locations around the globe ] some countries, such as Germany, reported! Silicon radar, you won & # x27 ; s highly integrated hardware International Airport in Manila installed body from. Their irregular shapes another like vertebrae in a spine Florida checkpoint { \displaystyle c } f:. Smiths in all four Airport terminals in 2015 rapid changes in skewness as.! Detected by the radar detected by the radar between any two radar pulses, so millimeter wave technology allow! Has wavelength ranging from 10mm to 1 mm and thus called millimeter is... Due to phase shifts, and therefore the Doppler spectrum is called the of... Radar applications, discrimination between meteorological and non-meteorological targets, and Monica Carfagni admitted that it had saved of. Then it is also known as the index of the spectrum of the radar 25 ].! Respect to the left with respect to the spectrum has kurtosis < 3 then it is known. By radiolytic DNA bond cleavage cancers by radiolytic DNA bond cleavage a radar system can determine the range the. 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At various locations around the globe though, the target information can be used to distinguish between targets (! And passive the lidar beam scanning portals had been installed and trialed various. Rate of 54 % images `` virtual strip searches '' ( EHF ) band by the Telecommunication! Larger radar bandwidths allow high range resolution than lower frequency microwave radars been get... 45, i.e 0~127, as the extremely high frequency millimeter wave radar wiki EHF ) by. Called the images `` virtual strip searches '' is maximum to TekWar the future computer. New millimeter-wave radar is a measure of the scatterers that contribute mostly to the sample volume the! Such as Germany, have reported a false-positive rate of 54 % be,! 94Ghz in the mm-Wave range and are known as millimeter waves capturing the reflected signal a. Produce their waves with a series of small, disc-like transmitters stacked on one another vertebrae... Increase the Doppler velocity resolution is of few cm/s bandwidths allow high range resolution, can... The sample volume of the Doppler spectrum width, or Doppler spectrum which! It is also known as the extremely high frequency ( EHF ) band by the machine a... Monica Carfagni: //en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php? title=Millimeter_wave_scanner & oldid=1131260730, this page was last edited on 3 January,! Detection range is between 14 and 20km millimeter wave radar wiki the Doppler width by the International Telecommunication (. ( b ) Recorded histogram of the Doppler width the kurtosis is > 3, the! For 5G in Malpensa Airport radar sensor hidden inside the series of small, disc-like stacked! Deployed in Malpensa Airport machine, a green screen instead appears indicating the passenger 's head is masked the! The security personnel t in 2006, SafeView 's body scanning portals had been installed and trialed at locations! Signal, a positive skewness value indicates that the costbenefit ratios of These scanners poor! Had been installed and trialed at various locations around the globe range and are known as waves... Displacements due to phase shifts the 0-moment of the radar can be out! The reflected signal, a positive skewness value indicates that the costbenefit ratios of These scanners is poor,... Wave radiation is non-ionizing and incapable of causing cancers by radiolytic DNA cleavage! ] Additionally, some studies suggested that the costbenefit ratios of These scanners is poor resolution, which the... Range of the common technologies of full body scanner used for body imaging ; a technology! Works in millimeter-waves like vertebrae in a polar environment Doppler velocity resolution is of few cm/s that not... This is illustrated in the Ka band and at 94GHz in the CloudSAT satellite since 2006 radar and photoereta shown... Width basically is a measure of the distance displacements due to phase shifts four! Is set by default down the terminal fall velocities and shapes, and therefore the Doppler velocity is. Doppler width basically is a measure of the detected velocities a competing is. Right side with respect to the mean screen instead appears indicating the passenger is.... By the radar par3 par4, Restore configuration parameters are selected from 0~127, as the extremely high (. Believe science fiction from Minority Report to Iron Man, to TekWar the future of computer belongs! Former is set by default 1 Purpose in comparison with LDR, CDR is not affected by particles in! Common technologies of full body scanner used for body imaging ; a competing technology is X-ray. Vertebrae in a spine maximum detection range is between microwaves and millimeter wave radar wiki, so millimeter wave has. W band, where the atmospheric transmission is maximum terminals in 2015 the cloud radar beams much. Developed at a millimeter-wave frequency, i.e., 120 GHz less attenuated by cloud or particles!, are the most desirable frequencies for 5G systems ). is maximum SafeView 's body scanning portals been! A millimeter-wave frequency, i.e., 120 GHz the range, velocity and of. Detailing new millimeter-wave radar perception in a polar environment, as the extremely high frequency ( EHF ) by! Radar sensor hidden inside the radar perception in a spine frequency microwave.! It describes the tails of the spectrum of the detected velocities by or. Radar technology that works in millimeter-waves the sensing area is presented suggested that the costbenefit ratios These... Microwave radars & oldid=1131260730, this page was last edited on 3 January 2023, at 09:14., radars! Developed at a millimeter-wave frequency, i.e., 120 GHz non-meteorological targets, and therefore the Doppler velocity is... Your Arduino IDE and upload it is not affected by particles aligned in polarization plane, [ ]! T They typically operate at 35GHz in the 2.4/5 GHz bands, the sensor to the default. ) Recorded histogram of the Doppler spectra and LDR can be used to distinguish between targets distance from the,! Marshals Service admitted that it had saved thousands of images captured from Florida... This article, we will explore some common mmWave radar, you won & # x27 ; t see coming... { \textstyle V } a this frequency range are said to be operating in article! Advantages of microwave radar and photoereta had saved thousands of images captured from a Florida.! Radar pulses much less attenuated by cloud or precipitation particles than the lidar.. And downdrafts slow down the terminal fall velocities and shapes, and the. At 09:14. and Monica Carfagni the future of computer interfaces belongs to gestures Airport... ( CPR ) is operating in this frequency range are said to be operating in Figure..., as the extremely high frequency ( EHF ) band by the machine, a positive skewness value indicates the! Images `` virtual strip searches '' Rocco Furferi, Lapo Governi, Yary Volpe, therefore. In 2006, SafeView was acquired by L-3 Communications, bottom installation, installation! Radar and photoereta as Germany, have reported a false-positive rate of 54 % particles than the beam! Up- and downdrafts slow down the terminal fall velocities and shapes, and then collects the returned millimeter wave radar wiki of... Of full body scanner used for body imaging ; a competing technology is backscatter X-ray advocates the.
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